These are the most common axles you'll find. I left a few axles out because they pertain mostly to cars or are of no interest in using in an off road vehicle.
Differentials can be used "up to" the gear ratio stated and then you need a new gear ratio for the "and higher" ratio.
There are exceptions to these rules in that there are some gears that are made in a "thick" style that will fit the lower ratio carriers (most notably the Dana 44 4.10, 4.56, 4.88, and 5.13 ratios).
AMC 20 - up to 2.73 and 3.08 and higher
Chrysler 7.25" - All ratios
Chrysler 8.25" - up to 2.45 and 2.71 and higher
Chrysler 8.75" Tapered Pinion - All ratios
Chrysler 8.75" Straight Pinion - All ratios
Chrysler 9.25" - All ratios
Chrysler 10.5" - All ratios
Dana 28 - up to 3.45 and 3.73 and higher
Dana 30 - up to 3.54 and 3.73 and higher
Dana 35 - up to 3.31 and 3.54 and higher
Dana 44 - up to 3.73 and 3.92 and higher
Dana 60 - up to 4.10 and 4.56 and higher
Dana 70 - up to 4.10 and 4.56 and higher
Dana 80 - up to 3.73 and 4.10 and higher
Ford 8.8" - All ratios
Ford 9" - All ratios
Ford 9.75" - All ratios
Ford 10.25"/10.5" - All ratios
GM 7.5" (10-bolt) - up to 3.08 and 3.23 and higher
GM 8.5" (10-bolt) - All ratios
GM 8.875" (12-bolt) - All ratios
GM 9.25" IFS - All ratios
GM 9.5" (14-bolt semi-float) - All ratios
GM 10.5" (14-bolt full-float w/removeable pinion support) - up to 4.10 and 4.56 and higher
GM 11.5" (14-bolt full-float w/non-removeable pinion support) - All ratios
Toyota - All ratios